Brunei

Overview

Brunei Darussalam is a small but wealthy Islamic nation on the island of Borneo. With a population of around 460,000 people, it is one of Southeast Asia’s least populated states, but among the richest due to oil and gas reserves.

The country has been ruled by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah since 1967, making him one of the world’s longest-reigning monarchs. His leadership combines traditional monarchy with modern governance, and Brunei remains an absolute monarchy.

People & Society

Brunei’s citizens are predominantly Malay (about 65%), alongside significant minorities of Chinese (around 10%) and indigenous groups such as the Iban, Dusun, and Murut. A smaller percentage are expatriates from neighboring and Western countries.

Languages spoken: Malay is the official language, while English is widely used in business, law, and education. Chinese dialects (especially Hokkien and Mandarin) are spoken by the Chinese community, and indigenous languages are still used regionally.

Culture & Daily Life

Brunei is deeply conservative under Sharia law. Alcohol is banned for locals and tightly restricted for foreigners, and public displays of affection are discouraged. Family reputation and religious observance play central roles in daily life.

Expatriates and locals often socialize in cafés, restaurants, and private homes rather than nightlife venues. Modest dress and respect for Islamic customs are expected from all residents and visitors.

Dating & Socializing

Dating is discreet and typically connected to marriage. Encounters are often arranged through family, friends, or professional circles. For expatriates, dating opportunities exist within the expat community and through introductions at embassies or work-related events.

Visitors should be aware that extramarital intimacy is illegal and can lead to prosecution under Sharia law.

Law & Restrictions

• Sharia Penal Code applies to Muslims and non-Muslims in many cases.
• Premarital sex, adultery, and same-sex relations are criminalized with harsh penalties.
• Overnight stays with the opposite sex outside marriage are illegal.
• Photography of government and security sites is restricted.

Legal framework and penalties